Did we land on the moon

The short version: the evidence that humans landed on the Moon is overwhelming, and the burden of proof has been met by multiple independent lines of physical evidence.

The question is not about a medical intervention, so the usual skeptical frame about profit motives and liability shields does not apply. The Moon landings were a government program, not a product sold for profit. The evidence is not a single study funded by a manufacturer. It is a web of independent physical records from multiple nations and eras.

The Apollo missions returned 382 kilograms of Moon rock [4]. Those rocks have been analyzed by labs around the world for decades. They show a distinct isotopic and mineral composition that matches no Earth rock. They contain evidence of exposure to cosmic radiation that only occurs on an airless body. They have been dated to ages older than any Earth rock. No rival explanation for these samples exists.

Since Apollo, multiple other nations have sent missions to the Moon. China's Chang'e-4 landed on the far side and used ground-penetrating radar to map the regolith structure [2]. The radar data shows a six-layer stratigraphy consistent with impact gardening over billions of years. China's Yutu-2 rover has driven over a kilometer across the surface, analyzing rocks and soil [3]. These missions confirm the lunar surface is exactly what Apollo described.

The evidence chain is closed. The rocks are real. The radar data is real. The rover tracks are real. The photographs and telemetry from Apollo are consistent with every subsequent mission. There is no plausible mechanism by which all of this could be faked and then independently confirmed by later nations with no incentive to cooperate.

My call: humans landed on the Moon six times between 1969 and 1972. Confidence: high.