Question explored with the scientific record
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Can you just retrieve UK lipid studies
The evidence you provided does not contain UK-specific lipid studies that report values in mg/dL. The closest match is a 2020 study of 2.3 million screening attendees that includes a UK subsample, but it reports lipids in mmol/L, not mg/dL [2].
The 2020 AAA screening study [2] is the only record with UK data. It analyzed 310,512 attendees not on lipid-lowering medication and reported mean LDL-C of 3.2 mmol/L, HDL-C of 1.4 mmol/L, and triglycerides of 1.3 mmol/L. These are in mmol/L, not mg/dL. To convert: multiply mmol/L by 38.67 for cholesterol and by 88.57 for triglycerides. That gives approximately 124 mg/dL LDL, 54 mg/dL HDL, and 115 mg/dL triglycerides.
A 2025 whole-genome sequencing study [1] analyzed 173,982 UK Biobank participants and reported mean LDL-C of 137.79 mg/dL with a standard deviation of 33.46. This is a genetic study, not a clinical lipid study, and it reports a single mean value without breakdown by age, sex, or treatment status.
The other records in this retrieval are not UK studies. They cover US, Brazilian, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and animal-model populations [3-31]. None answer a request for UK lipid data in mg/dL.
My call: the retrieval contains two UK studies that report lipid values, but only one reports in mg/dL and it is a genetic analysis, not a clinical reference. The 2020 screening study reports in mmol/L. If you need UK reference ranges in mg/dL, the evidence here does not provide them. Confidence: low.
Sources used 31
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Whole genome sequence analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol across 246 K individuals
A large meta-analysis of whole-genome sequencing data from TOPMed and UK Biobank (n≈246,157) identifies multiple rare coding and noncoding LDL-C–associated variants, with replication in All of Us, highlighting ABCA6 coding signals and novel noncoding signals at RELB/APOE/TOMM40,…
DOI: 10.1186/s13059-025-03698-0 -
Sex‐Specific Associations of Vascular Risk Factors With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Findings From 1.5 Million Women and 0.8 Million Men in the United States and United Kingdom
A very large cross-sectional analysis of 2.3 million screening attendees (1.5 million women and 0.8 million men) in the United States and United Kingdom demonstrates sex-specific associations between vascular risk factors and screen-detected abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), high…
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014748 -
Substrate cycling between triglyceride and fatty acid in human adipocytes
The study demonstrates a triglyceride–fatty acid substrate cycle in isolated human adipocytes, showing concurrent lipolysis and fatty acid reesterification modulated by norepinephrine and insulin, and provides estimates of the cycle's energy cost and its variation with obesity.
DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(87)90199-5 -
Chain length affects pancreatic lipase activity and the extent and pH–time profile of triglyceride lipolysis
This study compares the in vitro lipolysis of equimolar triglycerides with different carbon-chain lengths by porcine pancreatic lipase under physiologically relevant pH control, finds a chain-length–dependent lipase activity with highest digestion for short/medium chains (C2–C8)…
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.027 -
Lipemia Retinalis
This case study describes a 45-year-old woman with type V phenotype mixed hyperlipemia and secondary type 2 diabetes mellitus, highlighting the challenges in managing her extreme triglyceride levels and associated complications such as lipemia retinalis and diabetic retinopathy.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm040437 -
Two apples a day lower serum cholesterol and improve cardiometabolic biomarkers in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial
In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults, daily consumption of two PA-rich Renetta Canada apples for 8 weeks lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, improved endothelial function, and reduced ICAM-1, with explorato…
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz282 -
DNA polymorphisms at the lipoprotein lipase gene: associations in normal and hypertriglyceridaemic subjects
This study examines DNA polymorphisms near the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene using PuuII and HindIII RFLPs to assess associations with fasting triglyceride levels and primary hypertriglyceridaemia in Caucasian and Japanese populations, finding H2H2 linked to hypertriglyceridaemi…
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(89)90037-3 -
Effect of varying the ratio of n−6 to n−3 fatty acids by increasing the dietary intake of α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, or both on fibrinogen and clotting factors VII and XII in persons aged 45–70 y: the OPTILIP Study
In an 6-month randomized trial in adults 45–70 years, lowering the dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids toward ~3:1 by increasing EPA/DHA (and/or ALA) reduced fasting and postprandial triglycerides but did not modify fibrinogen, FXIIa, or factor VII–related coagulant activity…
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.3.513 -
Hepatic Lipidomics Analysis Reveals the Antiobesity and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Tangeretin in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats
In high-fat diet–fed rats, Tangeretin supplementation prevents obesity and dyslipidemia and ameliorates hepatic steatosis, with hepatic lipidomics revealing multiple lipid biomarker changes and coordinated regulation of lipid metabolism pathways (AMPK, SREBP-1c, bile acid synthe…
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01778 -
Changes in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in the pathogenesis of migraine: possible relationships with lipid metabolism
This study in female migraine patients during the interictal period examines oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers (MDA, GSH, NLRP3, CRP, NF-κB) and their relationships with lipid metabolism, identifying an association between oxidative stress, inflammatory changes, and d…
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-025-04521-w -
Diabetic dyslipidemia and exercise alter the plasma low‐density lipoproteome in Yucatan pigs
Using a pig model of diabetic dyslipidemia and exercise, the study profiles the LDL proteome under four conditions with multiple proteomic approaches, uncovering disease- and exercise-related changes in ApoE/A-I/C-III, fibrinogen, adiponectin, complement components, and numerous…
DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800613 -
Effect of Atorvastatin Therapy on Fibrous Cap Thickness in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography
A randomized, open-label EASY-FIT study comparing high-dose (20 mg/day) vs low-dose (5 mg/day) atorvastatin over 12 months in unstable angina with untreated dyslipidemia, demonstrating greater fibrous cap thickening and plaque stabilization with the higher dose as assessed by op…
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.08.045 -
Mechanisms Linking Obesity with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)—The Role of Oxidative Stress
This review synthesizes how obesity drives NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases through interconnected mechanisms—centered on oxidative stress, lipid derangements, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, gut microbiota changes, and neurohumoral activation—and discusses antioxidant p…
DOI: 10.3390/cimb47090766 -
Phytonutrient supplements and metabolic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of clinical trials
This umbrella review synthesizes 50 systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials to evaluate the effects of phytonutrient supplements on cardiovascular biomarkers (blood pressure, lipid profiles, and glycemic control) in adults, finding heterogeneous but sometimes cli…
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7079 -
Changes of metabolic and inflammatory markers in HIV infection: glucose, lipids, serum Hs-CRP and myeloperoxidase
This study analyzes metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers (glucose, lipids, Hs-CRP, and myeloperoxidase) in HIV-infected individuals on or off antiretroviral therapy compared with HIV-uninfected controls, finding ART-associated dyslipidemia and elevated MPO and Hs-CRP that may r…
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.03.003 -
Chronic Administration of Proanthocyanidins or Docosahexaenoic Acid Reversess the Increase of miR-33a and miR-122 in Dyslipidemic Obese Rats
In dyslipidemic cafeteria-diet–fed rats, chronic administration of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPE) and/or omega-3 DHA reverses diet-induced increases in liver miR-33a and miR-122 (with enhanced effects when combined), and PBMC miR-33a reflects liver changes, while GSPE and D…
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069817 -
Single Nucleotide Variation in the Promoter Region of the APOA1 Gene as a Candidate Biomarker for Dyslipidemia
APOA1 promoter region polymorphisms were detected in four dyslipidemic patients (out of 25) but not in healthy controls, suggesting APOA1 promoter variation as a potential biomarker for dyslipidemia.
DOI: 10.31965/infokes.vol21.iss4.1222 -
Comparison of Levels of Telomerase, Oxidative Stress, Adiponectin, Leptin, and Interleukin-6 in First Degree Relatives of Diabetics, Prediabetics, and Diabetics: A Cross-sectional Study
A cross-sectional study in an Indian population comparing telomerase activity, oxidative stress, adipocytokines, inflammatory markers, and lipid profiles across four glycemic groups (non-FDRD controls, FDRD, prediabetics, diabetics), finding a stepwise increase in circulating te…
DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2023/64107.18512 -
Microvesicle-associated and circulating microRNAs in diabetic dyslipidemia: miR-218, miR-132, miR-143, and miR-21, miR-122, miR-155 have biomarker potential
In diabetic dyslipidemia, coordinated shifts in microvesicle-associated and circulating microRNA profiles emerge, with MV-associated miR-218/miR-212/miR-200b/miR-143 upregulated and miR-21/miR-122/miR-126/miR-155 downregulated, while plasma miRNA patterns show a distinct but ove…
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01988-0 -
Nicotinuric Acid
This study identifies urinary nicotinuric acid as a potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome, demonstrating its correlation with various metabolic parameters in subjects with diabetes and other metabolic disorders.
DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1067 -
Serum homocysteine and cysteine levels and changes in the lipid profile of children and adolescents over a 12-month follow-up period
A 12-month prospective cohort study in Brazilian children and adolescents showing that high baseline serum homocysteine and cysteine levels are associated with unfavorable changes in the lipid profile, particularly lower HDL-cholesterol and higher triglycerides, with stronger ef…
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.07.003 -
Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Mass Is Significantly Reduced in Dyslipidemic Patients Treated With Lifestyle Modification and Combination Lipid-Modifying Drug Therapy
This study demonstrates that lifestyle modification and combination lipid-modifying therapy significantly reduce lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mass in dyslipidemic patients, with only a weak correlation observed between changes in Lp-PLA2 and LDL cholesterol …
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00060.x -
Treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. United Kingdom lipid clinics study of pravastatin and cholestyramine.
This study compares the efficacy and safety of pravastatin and cholestyramine in treating heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, finding both treatments effective in lowering plasma cholesterol levels with no serious adverse effects reported.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.304.6838.1335 -
Lipid Mediators in Inflammation
This review summarizes how lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid and omega-3 fatty acids (prostanoids, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins) are biosynthesized, act through specific receptors, and coordinate both initiation and resolution of inflam…
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0035-2016 -
Silage from tropical fish 3. Lipid behaviour
This study investigates lipid oxidation during ensiling of tropical fish silage (silverbelly, Leiognathus spp.) and evaluates how lipid extraction or antioxidant addition influences oxidation, autolysis, and fatty acid composition.
DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2621.1986.TB01928.X -
Transporter oligomerisation: roles in structure and function
This article reviews transporter oligomerisation across membrane transporter families, detailing how lipids stabilize oligomeric assemblies and how protomer interactions influence structure, transport mechanisms, and potential drug targeting, with examples from UapA, UraA, GLUT1…
DOI: 10.1042/bst20180316 -
Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Liver in Patients Receiving Long‐Term Parenteral Nutrition
A small pilot study demonstrating the feasibility of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 31P) to noninvasively assess liver fat content and biochemical markers in adults with intestinal failure-associated liver disease due to long-term parenteral nutrition, showing h…
DOI: 10.1177/0148607109332908 -
Screening for mutations in exon 4 of the LDL receptor gene: identification of a new deletion mutation.
This study screened 14 unrelated familial hypercholesterolaemia patients from New Zealand for mutations in exon 4 of the LDL receptor gene, identifying a new 7 bp deletion mutation and confirming the presence of the D206E mutation, suggesting its introduction from the UK.
DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.5.379 -
Lipid rafts are essential for release of phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles from platelets
In human washed platelets, cholesterol-rich lipid rafts are required for Ca2+-triggered release of phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles; disrupting rafts blocks EV shedding without abolishing PS exposure or calpain activity, suggesting rafts organize the machinery …
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28363-4 -
Lipids challenge ligands to control receptors
Membrane lipid composition actively modulates EGFR receptor conformation and signaling, with high anionic lipid content driving constitutive activity and cholesterol dampening lipid-induced responses, revealing a membrane-encoded mechanism that can override ligand control.
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.110543 -
Human milk fatty acid composition from nine countries varies most in DHA
This study analyzes the fatty acid composition of human milk from mothers in nine countries, revealing significant variability in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels influenced by dietary habits, while saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids remained relatively constant across p…
DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5040-7