Follow-up to: What causes do non-malignant lung nodules usually have, and how are they treate…
Question explored with the scientific record
Are any supplements known to shrink non-cancerous lung nodules?
The evidence retrieved does not contain a single study that tests whether any supplement shrinks non-cancerous lung nodules in humans.
Every study here is about something else. Melatonin reduces apoptosis in pig ovarian cells [1]. Inulin lowers yolk cholesterol in hens [3]. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in rats [5]. Vitamin D and calcium lowered cancer risk in postmenopausal women [6]. Zinc reduced vascular calcification in a rat kidney-disease model [7]. Blackberry extract reduced plaque in male mice [8]. L-carnitine reduced fatigue in cancer patients on chemotherapy [9]. Not one of these studies measured lung nodule size in a living human.
The closest any study comes is the vitamin D and calcium trial that found a reduced risk of all cancers [6], but that is prevention of new cancers, not shrinkage of existing benign nodules. The difference matters. A prevention effect does not imply a treatment effect. And the trial was in postmenopausal women, not in the general population with nodules.
My call: there is no evidence in this retrieval that any supplement shrinks non-cancerous lung nodules. Confidence: high that the retrieved studies do not answer the question.
Sources examined 32
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Effects of melatonin on follicular atresia and granulosa cell apoptosis in the porcine
This study investigates the protective effects of melatonin on granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia in porcine ovaries, demonstrating that melatonin supplementation reduces apoptosis and alters the expression of apoptotic and antioxidant genes.
DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22676 -
Keto analogue and amino acid supplementation and its effects on ammonemia and performance under thermoneutral conditions
This study investigates the effects of keto analogue and amino acid supplementation on ammonia metabolism and cognitive-motor performance in male cyclists during high-intensity exercise under low heat stress conditions, finding that while supplementation reduced ammonia levels, …
DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01054c -
Effects of inulin on performance, egg quality, gut microflora and serum and yolk cholesterol in laying hens
The study investigates the effects of dietary inulin on performance, egg quality, gut microflora, and cholesterol levels in laying hens, finding that inulin supplementation reduces yolk cholesterol without negatively impacting hen performance.
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.531005 -
Post-exercise ingestion of a carbohydrate and casein hydrolysate supplement reduces perceived muscle soreness but not fatigue in Sevens Rugby Players
In elite Sevens rugby players during a 23-day pre-season training camp, daily post-exercise intake of a carbohydrate plus casein hydrolysate supplement modestly reduced perceived muscle soreness in select muscles but did not reduce fatigue or improve heart-rate recovery compared…
DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2015/v27i4a437 -
Efeito da suplementação oral do ácido linoléico conjugado associado ao exercício na composição corporal de ratos
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation reduces body fat in rats, and combining CLA with swimming exercise enhances fat loss, including visceral and organ fat.
DOI: meta/10.4025/reveducfis.v24i1.16865 -
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial
This randomized trial demonstrates that calcium and vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces the risk of cancer in postmenopausal women, with the combination of both nutrients showing the most substantial protective effect.
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1586 -
Zinc alleviates vascular calcification by activating ERK1/2-mediated autophagy
In a CKD rat model and in vascular smooth muscle cells, zinc supplementation reduces vascular calcification and normalizes bone metabolism by activating ERK1/2-mediated autophagy; inhibition of autophagy or ERK1/2 signaling negates these protective effects.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-13352-1 -
Gender differences in the effect of blackberry supplementation in vascular senescence and atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice
In ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet, 2% freeze-dried blackberry supplementation reduced vascular plaque, vascular senescence, and Nox1 expression in male mice but not in female mice, indicating a gender-specific, Nox1-mediated atheroprotective effect independent of lipid levels.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108375 -
L-Carnitine supplementation reduces the general fatigue of cancer patients during chemotherapy
A retrospective study of 11 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy found that oral L-carnitine supplementation (1.5 g/day for 8 weeks) markedly reduced fatigue (Brief Fatigue Inventory scores from 4.9 to 1.2) and helped maintain nutritional status (albumin and lymphocyte counts…
DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1557 -
Folic acid food fortification to prevent neural tube defects
The study evaluates the effectiveness of different dosages of folic acid supplementation in reducing the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) and argues for mandatory food fortification to achieve optimal health outcomes.
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78966-2 -
Dietary rapeseed/canola-oil supplementation reduces serum lipids and liver enzymes and alters postprandial inflammatory responses in adipose tissue compared to olive-oil supplementation in obese men
This study demonstrates that daily supplementation of rapeseed/canola oil significantly reduces serum lipids and liver enzymes while altering postprandial inflammatory responses in adipose tissue compared to olive oil supplementation in obese men.
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400446 -
Folic Acid and Vitamins D and B12 Correlate With Homocysteine in Chinese Patients With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, or Cardiovascular Disease
This study investigates the correlations between serum levels of homocysteine, folic acid, and vitamins D2, D3, and B12 in Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, revealing significant relationships that suggest the potential ben…
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002652 -
Primary Carnitine deficiency in the Faroe Islands: health and cardiac status in 76 adult patients diagnosed by screening
This study investigates the health and cardiac status of 76 adult patients diagnosed with Primary Carnitine Deficiency (PCD) in the Faroe Islands, revealing that most were asymptomatic or had minor symptoms, and that L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced reported sym…
DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9640-0 -
Impact of vitamin D and zinc sufficiency on immune responses following COVID-19 vaccinations among healthcare workers
This study investigates the impact of vitamin D and zinc sufficiency on immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination among Nigerian healthcare workers, finding that those with both micronutrients had significantly higher antibody levels post-vaccination.
DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2025.14.e17 -
Vitamin D status and resistance exercise training independently affect glucose tolerance in older adults
This study investigates the independent effects of vitamin D status and resistance exercise training on glucose tolerance in older adults, revealing that while resistance training improves glucose tolerance, insufficient vitamin D status negatively impacts it.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.005 -
The Impact and Efficacy of Vitamin D Fortification
This review evaluates the impact of vitamin D food fortification on serum levels, intake, and health outcomes, highlighting the effectiveness of various fortification methods and the need for standardized guidelines to address vitamin D deficiency globally.
DOI: 10.3390/nu16244322 -
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Sustained Virological Response in Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 4 Patients Treated by Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin
This study investigates the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 patients undergoing pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment, finding no significant benefit from the supplementation.
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0060 -
Effect of Metformin Therapy on Vitamin D and Vitamin B12 Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
This study investigates the impact of metformin on vitamin B12 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, finding that metformin is associated with lower vitamin B12 levels but does not adversely affect vitamin D levels or treatment outcomes.
DOI: 10.4158/EP11009.OR -
Vitamin D Intake in Very Low Birth Weight Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
This study investigates the impact of monitoring daily Vitamin D intake on the proportion of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) infants achieving the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommended intake of 400 IU during their hospitalization in a neonatal intensive care unit.
DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001127 -
Vitamin E deficiency impairs the modifications of mitochondrial membrane potential and mass in rat splenocytes stimulated to proliferate
This study investigates the impact of vitamin E deficiency on mitochondrial membrane potential and mass in rat splenocytes during Con-A-induced proliferation, revealing significant impairments in mitochondrial function due to the deficiency.
DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90170-y -
Vitamin A and ciliated cells I. Respiratory epithelia
This study investigates the impact of vitamin A deficiency on ciliated cells in the respiratory epithelium of guinea pigs, revealing that a partial loss of cilia occurs before any squamous metaplasia develops.
DOI: 10.1007/BF02020741 -
Effect of Vitamin C Depletion on Serum Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Levels in ODS (od/od) Rats Unable to Synthesize Ascorbic Acid
This study investigates the impact of vitamin C depletion on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein levels in ODS (od/od) rats, revealing that vitamin C deficiency leads to hypercholesterolemia and altered lipoprotein metabolism.
DOI: 10.1093/jn/120.10.1140 -
Effect of vitamin C deficiency on hydroxylation of trimethylaminobutyrate to carnitine in the guinea pig
This study investigates the impact of vitamin C deficiency on the hydroxylation of trimethylaminobutyrate to carnitine in guinea pigs, revealing that ascorbate deficiency significantly reduces carnitine biosynthesis and hydroxylase activity.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(84)90392-1 -
Effect of vitamin B2 deficiency on rat liver dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity.
This study investigates the impact of vitamin B2 deficiency on the activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in rat liver, revealing significant decreases in enzyme activity and potential implications for pyrimidine metabolism.
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.37.89 -
Effect of vitamin A deficiency on RNA synthesis in isolated rat liver nuclei
This study investigates the impact of vitamin A deficiency on RNA synthesis in isolated rat liver nuclei, revealing decreased RNA incorporation and altered RNA chain characteristics compared to controls.
DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90127-3 -
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of some 3-(4,6-disubtituted-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl) propanoic acid derivatives
This study presents the synthesis of a series of 3-(4,6-disubstituted-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl) propanoic acid derivatives and evaluates their significant anti-inflammatory activity using the rat paw edema method.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.058 -
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel derivatives of anti-inflammatory drugs with increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
This study presents the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel derivatives of anti-inflammatory drugs that exhibit enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities while demonstrating reduced ulcerogenicity.
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199905)47:1<9::aid-ddr2>3.0.co;2-9 -
Experimental evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet potential of Dashamoola
The study evaluates Dashamoola ( Dashamoolarishta and Dashamoola kwath) for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet effects in rat/mouse models and in human platelet assays, finding comparable anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity to aspirin and notable anti-platelet …
DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.146565 -
Novel 3-substituted-1-aryl-5-phenyl-6-anilinopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones: Docking, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation as a potential anti-inflammatory agents
This study describes the design, synthesis, in vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation and COX-2 docking predictions of novel 3-substituted-1-aryl-5-phenyl-6-anilinopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones, highlighting compound 5i as a potent anti-inflammatory with reduced ulcerogenic potenti…
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.119 -
Evaluation of in-vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity of indometacin from liposomal vesicles
This study evaluates the in-vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity of indometacin delivered from liposomal vesicles, demonstrating that liposomal formulations enhance drug retention and prolong the anti-inflammatory effect compared to non-liposomal formulations.
DOI: 10.1211/0022357044445 -
Design and synthesis of butenolide-based amide derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents
This study reports the design and synthesis of eighteen new butenolide-based amide derivatives, which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities while minimizing gastrointestinal damage compared to standard NSAIDs.
DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1404-y -
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Delonix regia (Boj. Ex. Hook)
This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of Delonix regia leaves, demonstrating significant effects at a dosage of 400 mg/kg in both carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma models.
DOI: 10.1155/2012/789713